John Frankenheimer

One of the most astute observers of the social and political scene of the early '60s, director John Frankenheimer built his early reputation on his unique ability to bridge the gap between television and Hollywood drama, old and new visual technologies, and the more personal Hollywood films of yesteryear and the cinema of faceless corporate modernity. Frankenheimer's virtuosity was on great display in his films of the early '60s, particularly The Manchurian Candidate and Seven Days in May, when he dazzled critics and audiences with his use of monochrome photography and Panavision technology. Unfortunately, the promise Frankenheimer exhibited in these films failed to pan out over the course of his later career and many of his subsequent films have been deemed unworthy successors to his early efforts.Born in Malba, NY, on February 19, 1930, Frankenheimer was raised in Queens as the son of a German Jewish stockbroker father and an Irish mother. Originally aspiring to be a professional tennis player, Frankenheimer developed an interest in a filmmaking career while serving in the Air Force's Motion Picture Squadron. During the course of his service he learned fundamental filmmaking techniques and made his television directorial debut with a local Los Angeles show that was sponsored by a cattle ranch and featured, appropriately enough, live cows as its stars. Following his military discharge, Frankenheimer began working with actors of the two-legged persuasion as an assistant director with CBS TV in New York. He embarked on a very fruitful and respected career as a TV director, directing over 125 TV plays, including numerous episodes of the acclaimed Playhouse 90 series. It was with the 1957 film version of one of these television plays, The Young Stranger, that Frankenheimer made his debut as a feature film director. Although the film earned critical acclaim, the director found the experience of making it to be an unsatisfying one and subsequently returned to directing for television.Frankenheimer returned to the screen in 1961 with The Young Savages. A crime drama that featured Burt Lancaster as its lead, it was a reasonable critical success, and Frankenheimer decided to give feature film another go. He followed the film with the black and white Warren Beatty/Eva Marie Saint melodrama All Fall Down in 1962 and that same year made what many consider to be one of his greatest masterpieces, Birdman of Alcatraz. A stirring prison drama starring Lancaster as its titular hero, the film garnered a number of international honors, including four Oscar nominations. 1962 was truly one of the best years of Frankenheimer's career, as in addition to the triumph of Birdman, the director made another of his most celebrated works, The Manchurian Candidate. However, the film did not enjoy an exceedingly warm reception upon its original 1962 release; a taut, thoroughly chilling psychological thriller that featured an incomparable performance from Angela Lansbury as the world's worst mother, The Manchurian Candidate would have to wait until its 1987 re-release to earn its deserved recognition as one of the Cold War's most enduring and damning cinematic mementos. Frankenheimer struck back with two successive Lancaster vehicles, the political thriller Seven Days in May (1964) and the WWII action adventure The Train (1965). Both films showcased Frankenheimer's enviable technological prowess -- made especially evident in the black-and-white photography of Seven Days in May -- and further established him as one of his profession's most promising young talents, particularly in the arena of the political/psychological thriller. Following Seconds, a 1966 ode to corporate paranoia and the loss of identity, and 1968's The Fixer, a historical drama centering on anti-Semitism in Czarist Russia, Frankenheimer's career took a new and largely disappointing direction. Accused by many a critic of sacrificing substance for style, the director relocated to Europe and e